French Revolution :: essays research papers

     â€Å"What is the finish of our transformation? The serene satisfaction in freedom and equity; the rule of that everlasting equity, the laws of which are graven, not on marble or stone, however in the hearts of men, even in the core of the slave who has overlooked them, and in that of the dictator who repudiates them.† (Robespiere, On the Principles of Political Morality)  â â â â â€Å"... to stop the political agitation in the inside of France, to check the assaults upon the seat what's more, the special stepped area, to restore the legitimate force, to reestablish to the ruler the security and the freedom of which he is presently denied and to put him in a situation to practice again the genuine position which has a place with him.† ( Duke of Brunswick, Proclamation)      â€Å"The helpless man is better than government and the forces of the world; he should address them as a master.† (Saint-Just, Republican Institutes)      The French Revolution was basically the significant summit of a rising clash between two contradicting originations with respect to the source by which an administering state determined its authority. During the late eighteenth century a belief system highlighting reason, opportunity, what's more, the power of the normal man developed contrary to the acknowledged authoritative opinions of absolutism and awesome right of the government. As represented inside the three previously mentioned cites, the dissimilar profundity between these two methods of reasoning of government made a void, one which would eventually prompt the French Revolution what's more, adjust the course of Western culture.      Within Robespiere’s quote one can watch the desires of the Bourgeoisie and worker progressives; a perfect society of freedom and balance wherein one is as much a subject of the state as the state is a subject of thee. This uniting development towards thinking and equity developed from the speculations of such progressive scholars as Voltaire, Rousseau, and the Encyclopedists, who introduced a dream of a liberal network with equivalent rights and obligations, wherein reason supplanted the monarch’s guarantee to divine right as a definitive position, and where all men lived in a fraternity. It must be recognized that such impacts as France’s serious money related troubles and the subsequent neediness, laborer complaints with so much maltreatment as the seigniorial framework, a powerless and temperamental government under Louis XVI, and the cost of supporting Washington’s armed force in the New World all ascribed to the possible revolt. Be that as it may, it was this new belief system set upon fairness, equity and opportunity, a philosophy further powered by a portion of the thoughts that French officers came back with from America, that was the fundamental cornerstone which prompted the Revolution.

Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay

Language Learning Styles And Strategies English Language Essay Dr Georgi Lazanov, a Bulgarian defender of the quickened learning certified that human learning is the essential and natual work simpler than breathing and strolling (as refered to in Prashnig, 2004). This is by all accounts right to learning a language as a native language since we were brought into the world with a similar capacity of learning our first language so the majority of us obtain and get familiar with our first language effectively and normally. Be that as it may, the desire isn't the equivalent to procuring and learning a second or unknown dialect. In my profession of English language educating, I have seen various understudies who gain next to no ground in their language learning while the others get improved rapidly and prominently. Althought most understudies have gotten commonly equal language training at schools or colleges, they show contrasts in proficency and ability in utilizing the objective language. All in all, for what reason are some fruitful and the other s neglect to get great accomplishment in their learning? For what reason do those understudies can talk well in the objective language however the others can not convey fluenctly and unquestionably? Is it since some are more intelligent than the others? what makes the distinctions among these understudies? Various investigates on these issues have shown that every understudy lean towards various learning styles and their learning styles sway on the trategies they apply to their learning. This outcomes in learning styles just as learning systems influencing the understudies learning accomplishment (Ehrman Oxford, 1988). This revelation affirms Georgi Lazanovs conviction that learning involves attidude not apptitude. The significance of learning styles and stategies have been broadly perceived in language learning and increasingly more exploration has been done on them . Meanings of terms. As per Brown (2000, p. 113). Style is the term used to allude reliable and rather suffering inclinations and inclinations an individual has. Styles are qualities of scholarly working that make an individual novel. Styles described a people ordinary method of thingking and feeling Procedure is the term used to allude a technique for moving toward a prolem and an activity used to accomplish a specific objective. Various individuals utilized changed systems to tackle their own issues and the procedures they use probably won't be a similar time by time. A decent language student to Joan Rubin ( 1975, pp. 46-48): is a willing and exact guesser. He utilizes fitting approaches to see and procedure data. He acknowledges vulnerability and he is adaptable and agreeable in applying his capacity of speculating to investigate for and get the importance of the correspondence from the pieces of information that he is offerd in the setting in blend with utilizing his social and semantic schemata. has solid inspiration to impart. He is happy to include himself in conveying by utilizing any methods, for example, diversion, motions, spelling, rewording, innovatively shaping new words from the first ones.to express his importance or to communicate as the need should arise. isn't restrained. He is eager to commit error since he accepts botches are a piece of language learning process. He gains from his own slip-ups by attempting to get them and abstain from rehashing them. is set up to go to shape. While an ordinary student tends to percieve what they are educated in the course books or exercises in the study hall, a decent language student looks for something different past them. He is continually searching for designs in the language by examining, ordering and orchestrating it. rehearses what he has realized or procured. He discover the chances to utilize the language when possiple in class as well as outside the study hall. screens his own discourse and the discourse of others. He assesses his exhibition by mornitoring his own discourse and getting input from the audience members. He likewise mornitors the others to perceive how they utilize the language in comparision with the norms he has been educated. takes care of importance. He focuses on the types of discourse or punctuation as well as the significance of the language by arranging the importance of the message in differenct settings. Articulation about the foundation of the students in the exploration and the examination questions The students are late alumni or experienced specialists from various pieces of Vietnam selected to work for activities of Petrovietnam. They have gotten about proportionate English language instruction at school and at college. Notwithstanding, after graduation they are at various English capability levels. Like the vast majority of the other Vietnamese understudies, they can barely communicate in English. Some of them even can not peruse so anyone might hear an English perusing text fluidly. This is the most widely recognized issue for English language students in Vietnam. They are sent to PVMTC to take an exceptional course to improve their specialized information and English abilities, particularly aptitude, to play out their activity along with remote specialists in their field at modern offices or in workplaces. They have five classes every week and each class goes on for four hours. They are incredibly propelled in light of the fact that after the course, they are relied upon t o accomplish in any event 650 checks on TOIEC and to be acceptable at correspondence in all conditions so as to be named to various fitting situations at their working spot. The learning targets of the course are evident and CLT approach is picked to apply in encouraging the understudies with the goal that they can improve their open aptitudes in English. Before doing the course, the school give them an arrangement test to sort their English capability levels and put them in the diffirent fitting classes as needs be. The understudies have various mentalities and behaviuor to their language learning as is their learning viability. The high capability understudies typically seem to gain better ground, their learning result shows up superior to the low capability understudies, and particularly, their talking abilities get improved clearly. In this way, my investigation serves to discover the responses to the accompanying inquiries: What has the effect between the understudies of low and high language capability level? What is the distinction of language learning system use between EFL understudies of high and low capability levels in learning English talking in Petrovietnam Manpower Training College (PVMTC) in Vietnam? What can an educator do to help these leaners of diffirent learning styles use and join various sorts of methodologies in their English talking learning? Being unique in relation to learning styles, language learning procedures can be most likely prepared to the students. Ideally, the finding of the investigation and its commonsense ramifications could help language educators in their instructing. Liturature Review Language learning styles Learning styles are prefered ways to deal with learning, nature of a student and the manners in which the person sees and procedures data, the particular ways that an individual secures, holds, and recovers data (Felder Henriques, 1995), intrinsic and unavoidable qualities of a specific individual or a gathering of individuals (Willing, 1988), liked or habital examples of mental working and managing new data (Ehrman and Oxford, 1990), methods for obtaining knowdlege and abilities, propensities, methodologies, normal mental practices concerning learning an individual showcases (Pritchard, 2008). Or then again as indicated by Keefe (as refered to in Griggs, 1991), learning styles are the composite of trademark subjective, emotional, and physiological components that fill in as generally stable pointers of how a student sees, communicates with, and reacts to the learning condition. Various scientists have various meanings of the learening styles relying upon their view of learning and training brain research. So there are likewise unique element of learning styles and in excess of twenty dimentions of learning styles have been known so far concentrating on social, physical, environtmental inclination, character type, psychological capacity. In this paper, I might want notice the two models of learning styles that are moderately identified with language learning. VARK-Visual, Aural, Read-Write and Kinethetic Neil Fleming (1987) characterized students as per their inclination in the methods of getting, holding and handling the contribution just as playing out the yield. Visual students learn through observing and like utilizing the words that they can picture their pictures. In the homeroom, they are typically eager. They tend to interupt the others while they are talking however they are acceptable at talking and convincing. Sound-related students are great audience members. They like verbal clarification and data in expressed words. They think in a direct manner and they talk gradually. Peruse compose students appreciate composing and perusing. They feel progressively great with any information or yield in type of writings. Kinethetic students learn through manual activity utilizing faculties. They attempt new things and they gain from the mistakes they make. They will in general like managing genuine issues yet they are not exceptionally dangerous in settling on choice. The Index of Learning Styles The well known model of Learning Styles created by Richard Felder and Linda Silverman 1988 devived the learning styles into four measurements demonstrating the manners by which the students see the world. Detecting and instinctive (Perception measurement): Detecting students lean toward learning the realities. They learn best with certain and genuine data. They will in general take care of issues in a typical manner and they abhor complexities. Natural students incline toward finding posibilities and connections. They will in general like finding the significance. Data of origination, creation and hypothesis pull in them most. They don't care for repeatition. Dynamic and intelligent (Processing measurement) Dynamic students lean toward doing. They see well and keep in their psyche the given

Vertical Boundaries Of the firm - Vertical Chain and Vertical Essay - 1

Vertical Boundaries Of the firm - Vertical Chain and Vertical Integration - Essay Example The primary operational uniqueness of this brand is that it follows a creation after request arrangement module. In this method of activity, the client picks the item and the plan and the laborers build up the item as per the decision, conveying the completed furniture in two or three weeks time. The organization has a creation unit in Birmingham from where furniture orders put in its twelve showrooms all through Britain are delivered and transported. This plan gets fantastic reaction from clients who wouldn't fret the holding up time, since they realize that the piece going to be conveyed will be special and altered for their requirements. The incredible surge of requests and the company’s plan to move to new markets brought out various difficulties in vertical chain and creation the board. In any case, the firm has chosen to open new stores or showrooms in five distinct urban areas that they have not been in previously. Also, this would get orders that the Birmingham creation unit can't deal with. In this situation, the 30 worker creation unit will either should be multiplied in limit, which may influence the nature of the items or the firm needs to consider conventional vertical chain the board methods. The organization has worked utilizing the Neoclassical Economics model till date since because of its little size and promising exhibition, a great number of investors and financial speculators are intrigued and powerful in its development. Be that as it may, when they move into genuine vertical chain framework, they should guarantee that they follow the Quasi Marris monetary model which is increasingly fit for the 21st Century, and guarantee that social variables are thought about inevitably. The economy of scale here will be controlled by the quantity of family units, workplaces and edifices which use teak wood furniture or are available to

How to Conjugate the Verb Venire in Italian

Instructions to Conjugate the Verb Venire in Italian A few meanings of â€Å"venire† include: To comeTo arriveTo be slipped fromTo come overTo occurTo turn outTo be the resultTo costTo come to What to think about â€Å"venire†: It’s a sporadic third-conjugation action word, so it doesn't follow the run of the mill - rage action word finishing pattern.It’s an intransitive action word, which doesn't take a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"venire.†The participio passato is â€Å"venuto.†The ing word structure is â€Å"venendo.†The past ing word structure is â€Å"essendo venuto.† INDICATIVO/INDICATIVE Il presente io vengo noi veniamo tu vieni voi venite lui, lei, Lei viene essi, Loro vengono Promotion esempio: Non mi viene in mente (la parola). - (The word) isn’t ringing a bell. Il passato prossimo io sono venuto/a noi siamo venuti/e tu sei venuto/a voi siete venuti/e lui, lei, Lei venuto/a essi, Loro sono venuti/e Promotion esempio: Sono venuto/a qua per dirti che ti amo. - I came here to reveal to you that I love you. L’imperfetto io venivo noi venivamo tu venivi voi venivate lui, lei, Lei veniva essi, Loro venivano Advertisement esempio: Ogni domain venivamo qua, questa campagna à ¨ il mio posto preferito. - Each late spring we came here, this wide open is my preferred spot. Il trapassato prossimo io ero venuto/a noi eravamo venuti/e tu eri venuto/a voi eravate venuti/e lui, lei, Lei time venuto/a essi, Loro erano venuti/e Esempi: Eri venuto/a for each dirmi la verit, giusto? - You came here to come clean with me, isn't that so? Il passato remoto io venni noi venimmo tu venisti voi veniste lui, lei, Lei venne essi, Loro vennero Advertisement esempio: Gli venne la voglia di trasferirsi in Italia.  -The longing to move to Italy came to him. Il trapassato remoto io fui venuto/a noi fummo venuti/e tu fosti venuto/a voi foste venuti/e lui, lei, Lei fu venuto/a essi, Loro furono venuti/e TIP: This strained is infrequently utilized, so don’t stress a lot over acing it. You’ll discover it in refined composition. Il futuro semplice io verr noi verremo tu verrai voi verrete lui, lei, Lei verr essi, Loro verranno Advertisement esempio: I figli verranno dopo cinque o sei anni di matrimonio, almeno spero cosã ¬!. - Kids will come following five or six years of marriage, in any event I trust! Il futuro anteriore io sar venuto/a noi saremo venuti/e tu sarai venuto/a voi sarete venuti/e lui, lei, Lei sar venuto/a essi, Loro saranno venuti/e Promotion esempio: Sar venuto da un’ottima scuola. - He more likely than not originate from an extraordinary school. CONGIUNTIVO/SUBJUNCTIVE Il presente che io venga che noi veniamo che tu venga che voi veniate che lui, lei, Lei venga che essi, Loro vengano Promotion esempio: Penso che questo vino venga direttamente dalla Francia. - I think this wine comes straightforwardly from France. Il passato io sia venuto/a noi siamo venuti/e tu sia venuto/a voi siate venuti/e lui, lei, Lei sia venuto/a essi, Loro siano venuti/e Advertisement esempio: Mi chiedo se siano venuti in Italia per cercare la loro famiglia. - I wonder in the event that they came to Italy to discover their family. L’imperfetto io venissi noi venissimo tu venissi voi veniste lui, lei, Lei venisse essi, Loro venissero Promotion esempio: Speravo che il mio ragazzo venisse in aeroporto a prendermi. - I trusted that my sweetheart would go to the air terminal to get me. Il trapassato prossimo io fossi venuto/a noi fossimo venuti/e tu fossi venuto/a voi foste venuti/e lui, lei, Lei fosse venuto/a essi, Loro fossero venuti/e Advertisement esempio: Vorrei che tu fossi venuto/a con me. - I wish you could have accompanied me. CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io verrei noi verremmo tu verresti voi verreste lui, lei, Lei verrebbe essi, Loro verrebbero Advertisement esempio: Verrei con voi, perã ² devotional andare a scuola. - I would come withâ you all, yet I need to go to class. Il passato io sarei venuto/a noi saremmo venuti/e tu saresti venuto/a voi sareste venuti/e lui, lei, Lei sarebbe venuto/a essi, Loro sarebbero venuti/e Advertisement esempio: Avevo la febbre, altrimenti sarei venuto/an alla tua festa. - I had a fever, else I would have gone to your gathering.

Idealism, Realism, Marxism and Neo-Realism Theories Essay

Vision, Realism, Marxism and Neo-Realism Theories - Essay Example This exposition examines that neo-authenticity proposes that the kind of the political framework for singular countries can profoundly affect the global political framework. The political framework for every country advances worldwide governmental issues when it obeys and grasps authenticity and straightforwardness of international strategies. It is a potential wellspring of aggravation to universal governmental issues, particularly where intrigue gatherings and open emerge to concede the focal chiefs, for example, the United States. Worldwide establishments must be utilized to build the possibilities of global legislative issues flourishing. Prevailing countries, for example, the United States utilize universal foundations to introductory alliance. The qualities and interests of the predominant states are reflected through universal organizations. They will in general diminish the intensity of the superpowers. In any case, more vulnerable countries will consistently attempt to run c ontrary to the natural order of things to stay free guidelines of worldwide foundations. For instance, countries question U.S absence of cooperation in International Criminal Court. The centralization of intensity inside one country is tended to through ethical quality. Ethical quality cultivates serene concurrence among countries and turns into an apparatus for global participation in legislative issues. In case of war, human rights must be ensured on the planet today dissimilar to in the past where nations, for example, Russia yielded human rights to seek after forces. Authenticity hypothesis asserts to the way that countries must see how global frameworks work before meeting up to rehearse governmental issues (Kaplan).

How to Cope With Financial Stress

How to Cope With Financial Stress Stress Management Situational Stress Print Coping With Financial Stress in Your Life By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on December 01, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Blend Images - KidStock / Brand X Pictures / Getty Images If youre worried about money, youre not alone. Money is a common source of stress for American adults. In fact, according to the American Psychological Association (APA), 72% of adults report feeling stressed about money, whether its worrying about paying rent or feeling bogged down by debt. This is pretty significant given financial stress is linked to so many health issues.?? How Financial Stress Affects Your Health Although any stress can take a toll on your health, stress related to financial issues can be especially toxic. Financial stress can lead to: Poor physical health: Ongoing stress about money has been linked to migraines, heart disease, diabetes, sleep problems, and more.?? Left untreated, these conditions can lead to life-threatening illnesses, which can plunge you even further into debt.Delayed healthcare: With less money in the budget, people who are already under financial stress tend to cut corners in areas they shouldnt, like healthcare. According to Gallups annual Health and Healthcare poll, 29% of American adults held off seeking medical care in 2018 because of cost. Though this tactic may seem like a good way to keep costs down, delaying medical care can actually lead to worse health outcomes and higher costs,?? both of which can lead to more stress.Poor mental health: In many instances, the link between mental and financial health is cyclicalâ€"poor financial health can lead to poor mental health, which leads to increasingly poor financial health, and so on. For years, studies have shown that people in debt have h igher rates of mental health issues like depression and anxiety than those who are debt-free.Unhealthy coping behaviors: Financial stress can cause you to engage in a variety of unhealthy behaviors, from overeating to alcohol and drug misuse. According to an APA survey published in 2014, 33% of Americans reported eating unhealthy foods or eating too much to deal with stress. How to Cope With Financial Stress Learning to cope with financial stress and effectively manage your financial situation can help you feel more in control of your life, reduce your stress, and build a more secure future. Try some of the following tips to get started: Understand the debt cycle. Understanding debt is the first step to getting yourself out of it. Once you know how to break out, you can start building toward your future in a more positive way with simple habits that are easy to maintain.Create extra sources of income. If youre feeling stressed about finances, you likely already feel you need more money in your budget. But knowing how to increase your financial holdings without creating significant stress for yourself can be tricky, too. Thankfully, there are several ways to boost your income and relieve your stress.Declutter your budget. Since life is rarely constant, regular budget checkups are essential to improving your financial health. Take control of your finances by setting aside some time to schedule, organize, and declutter all of the money coming in and out of your bank account. The more control you have, the less stress you will feel.Dont forget general stress management. As you work on improving your financial situation, you can reduce stress by practicing stress-reducing techniques and making other changes to create a low-stress lifestyle. A Word From Verywell If you feel that the stress of your financial situation is too much for you to handle, its important to share your concerns and not just keep them to yourself. Talk about your money concerns with trusted friends and family. You don’t have to go into details if you aren’t comfortable with them, but the more you talk about your concerns with your support system, the less isolated and stressed you will feel. Your loved ones may even be able to offer a new perspective on what you could do differently to get your financial issue under control.

PRIVATISATION OF DEFENCE INDUSTRIAL BASE IN INDIA - Free Essay Example

Our endeavour must be to meet the twin imperatives of technological relevance and cost effective delivery. Given the expansion of our private sector, both in technical and financial terms, we are at the threshold of a future in which the private sector contributes to the national cause of high technology defence. There is need for a new institutional framework to involve the private sector, to ensure continuous dialogue as well as to provide incentives for risk taking. We should encourage substantial investment in production capabilities and also in defence related RDs.  [1] Manmohan Singh, PM of India Introduction 50. The history of involvement of private industry in defence production in India goes back to 1991  [2]  which was followed by government initiatives in 1998 to establish close interaction of MoD and services with the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII). The constitution of Group of Ministers  [3]   committee tasked to examine the Kargil debacle, the policy reforms implemented by the government since 2001  [4]  and the constitution of Kelkar committee in 2004  [5]  , were primarily aimed at overhauling the acquisition process and promoting indigenous development to achieve 70% defence requirements from indigenous sources by 2010. The major fall out of these was the Defence Procurement Procedures, DPP 2002, DPP 2004, DPP 2006 and DPP 2008  [6]  . 51. The dramatic differences between technologies used in commercial and military systems in the past have narrowed down with the changing pace of the scientific innovation in the commercial sector especially in the fields of nano-technology, robotics, computer simulation, and stealth technology. As a result, military organizations in developed countries have turned to commercial sector for dual-use technologies and new breakthrough scientific discoveries especially with the decline in the defence spending in post Cold-War era for reasons economic as well as political. Emerging Private Sector 52. In the last two decades, the Private Sector has expanded immensely  [7]  with the DPSUs outsourcing more than 30% and OFs outsourcing 80%. The private sector can produce much more efficiently in a much less time frame and hence their role in Indian defence industry cannot be underestimated despite their constraints. Various private sector companies have ventured into the defence sector and have been issued license by the government. These companies have already taken up production of defence equipment by entering into joint venture (JV) with many foreign companies. Some of these are  [8]  :- Mahindra Mahindra Ltd, New Delhi. Larsen Toubro Ltd, Mumbai. Max Aerospace Aviation Ltd, Mumbai. HBL Power Systems Ltd, Hyderabad. Ramoss India, New Delhi. Tata Motors Ltd, Mumbai. Alpha Phazotron Radar Equipment Systems Pvt Ltd, Bangalore 53. EADSs helicopter subsidiary Eurocopter is associated with HAL since 1962, manufacturing more than 600 Alouette 3 and Lama (known as Cheetah and Chetak locally) helicopters. EADS has plans to set up pilot training facilities in India for the civil and military segments and plans to invest ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬7-8 billion ($9.5-11 billion) over the next 10 years. 54. In Nov 2009, Mahindra Group created Mahindra Defence Systems in India  [9]  which is a JV with BAE Systems. Mahindra Group has simultaneously acquired majority stakes in two Australian defence companies, Aerostaff Australia and Gippsland Aeronautics, signalling its entry into the defence and aerospace business. Tata has entered into JV with AgustaWestland to assemble the AW119 in India. 55. Honeywell Aerospace  [10]  , which provides integrated avionics, engines, systems and service products for the aerospace industry, is one example. The US Company has a design and development centre in India that it hopes to expand in the coming years. Airbus has set up the Airbus Engineering Centre India in Bangalore wher e local engineers help develop capabilities in modelling and simulation, covering areas such as flight management systems and aerodynamics, to help in the design and production of aircraft such as the A380 and the A350. It is also working with Indian IT firms such as CADES, HCL, Infosys, Quest and Satyam to offer support across various aircraft programmes. 56. India has an inherent edge over several other nations because of higher skills and lower costs of production. This makes India an ideal contender for joint ventures. HAL has entered into joint ventures with many overseas aviation system companies to undertake design and development of new systems in India. Some of these are the BaeHAL, HAL Edgewood, HELBIT etc. Many other software and hardware giants involved in the aviation hardware and software development especially in the embedded and real time system domain have also established their facilities in Bangalore. Some of these are GE Intelligent Systems, Honeywell, etc. 57. Given their rapid growth over the last decade, it is perhaps no surprise that Indian software companies such as HCL, Infosys, Infotech, Tata Consultancy Services and Wipro have been active in the aerospace industry for several years. Increasingly, they are benefiting from the engineering services outsourcing programmes. This will help India evolve from IT and low-end business process outsourcing work to high-end design services. Overseas companies view the Indian companies as long-term partners and not as mere suppliers/vendors  [11]  . Initiatives 58. The initiatives undertaken by government towards promoting involvement of private sector industries towards high end defence requirements are:- Opening up of defence sector (in 2001) for 100% participation by Indian private sector and upto 26% FDI. Provision of the offset clause in DPP for any procurement from a foreign vendor beyond 300 crores. Introduction of a procurement clause Buy and Make (Indian).This clause is expected to create a positive impact on the private sector industry and could encourage formation of joint ventures or alliances for co-production with Indian companies. Issue of RFP to Indian private sector and the companies having a greater say in negotiations, in obtaining technology from foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) as well as in co-production. Sharing of information on long term perspective plan with the Indian industry and the involvement of the domestic industry in acquisition planning. Funding RD cost to the extent of 80 per cent by the Government. Non starters 59. Inspite of the various measures taken, there has been no remarkable change in the current state of indigenisation. Only a few of Indias top private sector companies are involved in certain small value defence contracts. It needs to be realised that the goal of self reliance would remain a pipe dream if it is to be achieved by just banking on public sector alone. 60. The involvement of private sector is mandatory to harness the best technology available and reduce imports. Considering the measures taken over the last two decades, India presently is far from achieving the indigenous figure of 70%. Equipment worth $50 billion has been bought from foreign suppliers in the last decade with the expenditure likely to touch $100 billion in the coming decade. The reasons to these are:- A number of defence-industry seminars, conferences and exhibitions have been held in the recent years but old mindsets, complex procurement procedures and clout wielded by the public sector have bee n acting as major deterrents to any meaningful participation of the private sector. Inspite of policy reforms of 2001, at the Defence-Expo 2010 the foreign defence majors were still lined up to display their wares. Hence, the efficacy of the initiatives of 26% FDI needs to be given a relook. While we trust foreign suppliers (essentially because there are few alternatives) governed as they are by their respective national laws that have in-built sanction mechanisms to restrict supplies in various situations, we have not extended the same trust quotient to Indian Industry. As on date the private sector is at a distinct disadvantage as against OFs and DPSUs. The OFs and DPSUs have a non-competitive edge, because of its close proximity to the MoD. In all deals under TOT, default agency that receives the benefit is always a DPSU, even if a private sector company is better placed in terms of know-how to absorb the technology and the available infrastructure. The private sec tor is also inhibited by technical limitations primarily due to its late entry into the defence industry and needs to institutionalise joint ventures with established foreign defence majors. However, the FDI cap of 26% is an impediment. Way Ahead 61. The role of the Department of Defence Production thus needs to be drastically retooled to evaluate Indias requirements not in a public sector context but a larger India paradigm. Essentially the initiatives needed are:- De-licensing. The licensing system needs to be given a relook or done away with for manufacturing of defence equipment by private companies except for very critical products. Foreign Direct Investment. FDI limits should be enhanced to 49% for all defence production with sensitive content and in non-sensitive areas raised to 76 or even 100 per cent. This would obviate the need for government to defray 80 per cent of the RD costs. Private Equity Participation Government must seriously consider private equity participation in the defence-related public sector to unlock their potential and maximise returns on sovereign investment over the decades Developmental Partners. During development phase suitable industrial entities needs to be identified to parti cipate in the activity as developmental partners. Limited Series Production (LSP). After joint development, the industry partners needs to be co-opted for execution of LSP that can meet the service requirement. Bulk Production Bulk of production needs to be outsourced to private players in a phased manner over several years. This could ease the problem of available OFs and DPSUs while at the same time utilise the resources available in these public establishments. Spin-offs The spin-offs from the defence technology need to be exploited in the commercial domain by effecting required repackaging/modification. Marketing. Scope also exists for industry to seek potential market for these products in India/Abroad with due approvals. Also the collaboration of private companies needs to be exploited for marketing of the products. Tax benefits. The government needs to provide a level playing field to private industry in terms of excise and custom exemptions for imports of cert ain components to be utilised in defence equipment. Promoting Interactions. DRDO has been actively promoting private industries participation in its entire gamut of activities by regularly interacting with the interested players as well as with organizations such as CII, FICCI, ASOCHAM. DRDO has organized several DRDO-Industry meets to appraise industry veterans about opportunities awaiting them in Defence RD. This would defineitely help in exploiting the available expertise in industry. Sponsored Research. Government needs to look into orient the fresh brains in the IITs, NITs and other educational institutions in India towards RD of the projects in hand as well as perspective projects. This can be taken up through Sponsored Research as well as industrial consultancy. Public Private Partnership. There is a need to promote public private partnership as the public sector has excellent infrastructure, manufacturing facilities and a highly experienced task force. It will be a waste of national resources if these assets are duplicated by the private sector. The private sector, on the other hand, can bring in latest technology, managerial practices, marketing skills and financial management. Therefore, a well-blended fusion of both will result in synergising of their strengths through economies of scale and prove mutually beneficial. Joint Ventures. The Brahmos project, which is the governmental level collaboration between the GOI (Bharat) and Russia (Moscow), is one good example of implementing organisational level change. The same needs to be followed up in other projects in pipeline. NOTES AND REFERENCES